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zhajingyu · Posted: Tue 7:43, 25 Jan 2011 Post subject: pinnacle Internet Congestion_11586

SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable): A specification for high-speed (up to 5-Gbps) electro-optical transceivers.
Typically, users who experience congestion tend to believe that others do so as well and anticipate that if they attempt anew later,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the network is probable to be fewer congested. The current Internet functions traffic from diverse petitions; ranging from delay-sensitive network... The frame relay and TCP/IP each have their own congestion and flow control mechanisms. Frame relay provides a cost telling way of transporting a variety of encapsulated...
GVRP (Generic VLAN Registration Protocol): A specification defining parameters that switches use to exchange information for registering VLANs on a Spanning-Tree network and to facilitate direct communication.
To avert congestion, users ought to be charged in proportion to the amount of data transmitted. Such charges would make people more instantly conscious of their character in overtaxing the capacity of the Internet.
ALTERNATE TECHNIQUES
RMON (remote-monitoring): A monitoring theory for measuring traffic stream and setting fears for error conditions. It doesn't require polling (as SNMP does).
Groups monitoring Internet vehicle have scrutinized spikes of extremely tall activity--or data storms--that seem rapidly, then subside. A congestion spike may result from a specific event, such for the landing of a spacecraft? alternatively from web failures. At other periods, although, a spike appears to have not detectable cause.
By the type and amount of feedback received from the network: Loss; lag; single-bit or multi-bit clear signals
By incremental deployability on the current Internet: Only sender needs modification; sender and recipient absence modification; merely router needs modification; sender, receiver and routers need modification.
By the appearance of performance it aims to improve: high bandwidth-delay production networks; lossy links; fairness; vantage to short flows; variable-rate links
By the fairness criterion it uses: max-min, proportional, "minimum potential delay"
Internet Congestion
The increase of the internet and intranet usage has introduced complications and hindrance of natural performance. The increase in the data sent to networks has resulted in congestion. The international network of computer networks understood as the Internet handles an enormous amount of traffic each day. At any given moment? thousands of users are sending messages or browsing millions of? pages of the World Wide Web. The current Internet features traffic from diverse applications; ranging from delay-sensitive web...
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): A uncomplicated TCP/IP document transmission description with no authentication machinery. It is often accustomed fhardly everftware downloads.
Pricing schemes are a advisable and sound approach. Various network pricing schemes are immediately creature tested.
There are many ways to catalog congestion control algorithms:
IEEE 802.1p :A standard that provides quality of service (QoS) in Ethernet networks. It relies on packet tags and allows switches to transmit packets in array of priority.
In the mathematical prototype it is observed that the? usefulness of the Internet is proportional to the speed with which users can access message at remote sites. At the same time, because they usually do not disburse prices linked to expense, users don't differentiate between activities that necessitate the transfer of large amounts of information,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], such as downloading graphic files and browsing Web sites, and those that require absent from, such as electronic send, or E-mail.
Many people suggest that intermittent congestion spikes punctuating routine traffic are inevitable because the Internet is essentially a public resource whose users are generally not charged fees according to the amount of data exchanged.
Port trunking :A link aggregation technique namely creates a single, high-speed rational link from several lower-speed physical links.
IEEE 802.3x :A standard that defines Ethernet frame begin and stop requests and timers on full-duplex links.
Full duplex: A transmission method that lets 2 network devices transmit and receive concurrently, effectively doubling the bandwidth of a half-duplex link, in which data flows one way by the time.
Spanning Tree Protocol: A specification that lets network bridges exchange information meantime only one of them controls traffic between computers on a network.
VLAN (virtual local place network): A logical grouping of network nodes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], regardless of their physical locations
Backpressure: A flow-control technique that avoids frame loss by impeding outer traffic from sending frames to congested interfaces.
?Groups monitoring Internet traffic have observed spikes of extremely high activity--or data storms--that appear quickly, then subside. A congestion spike may result from a specific event, such as the landing of a spacecraft? or from network failures. At other times, however, a spike appears to have no discernible cause.
Fewer parcels will be dropped with Active Queue Management (AQM).
The link utilization will increase because less TCP universal synchronization will happen.
By keeping the average queue size small, queue management will reduce the delays and jitter looked by flows.
Congestion has chance such a problem that some sites invest daily Internet "weather reports," description average delays in approaching sites at another times in manifold parts of the earth.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): A specification that governs network apparatus monitoring and management.
GBIC (gigabit interface converter): A type of hot-swappable,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], standards-based transceiver used with switches. It converts electrical markers to optical whistles and vice versa, and it is usually used for connections on or to the spine.
Many folk recommend that intermittent congestion spikes punctuating routine traffic are inevitable because the Internet is essentially a public resource whose users are generally no charged fees along to the value of data commuted.
?Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet states that:
IEEE 802.1q :A standard that defines Ethernet frame tags that carry VLAN identifiers.
IEEE 802.3ab: A standard that defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) methods and physical-layer specifications for 1,000Base-T.
Port mirroring: A transportation usage in which borders transmitted and received aboard an port tin be duplicated on another port for diagnostic intentions.
In the mathematical model it is observed that the? usefulness of the Internet is proportional to the speed with which users can access information at remote sites. At the same time, because they usually do not pay costs linked to consumption, users don't differentiate between activities that require the transfer of large amounts of information,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], such as downloading graphic files and browsing Web sites, and those that require absent from, such as electronic mail, or E-mail.
Sniffer: A software procedure that monitors and analyzes network traffic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], granting superintendents to find rendition bottlenecks and transmission mistakes.
congestion avoidance can also efficiently be accomplished along reducing the amount of traffic flowing into your network. When one application requests a large file, graphic or web sheet, it usually advertises a "window" of between 32K and 64K. This results in the waiter sending a full window of data. When you have many applications simultaneously requesting downloads, this data creates a congestion point at your upstream provider at flooding the queue many faster than it can be emptied. By using a device to reduce the window advertisement,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the remote servers will send less data,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], thus reducing the congestion and allowing traffic to flow more freely. This technique can reduce congestion in a network at a element of 40.